“T” fire is a good all around fire. You can place your campfire in the top part of the “T” and your cooking coals on the long part of the “T”. You should not make the long part of the “T” wider than your cooking pot or pan. This is so it can rest on the soil on both sides of the trench.
Key Hole fire is another excellent cooking fire. Your fire is in the whole part of the fire pit, with the coals in the long trench. Make sure you only cook on coals and not flames in the trench. Your pots or pans will rest on the sides of the trench as you cook.
Dakota Hole fire, this fire is a lot of work. You must first dig a hole, approximately 10 to 12 inches deep and 6 to 14 inches wide (this will be the hole where the fire is made). Then, dig another hole 8 to 10 inches from the main hole. Tunnel them together so they are connected. Your “tunnel” hole should be approximately 6 to 8 inches wide. The tunnel hole will allow airflow into the hole and keep the fire burning. It is a good fire for windy conditions or when you do not want to the flames from your fire to be seen.
Just having a fire may not be enough to keep you warm. If you can, build your fire near some large rocks or boulders. The rocks will reflect the heat and help keep you warmer. If a shelter is placed near your fire (no closer than 10 feet), you should construct a heat reflector on the other side of the fire. With a heat reflector you will notice an increase in heat and light while in your shelter. You can also make a reflector from logs. You just stack them on their sides and support them by driving a sharp limb down each side to hold the stacked wood up. Some folks prefer to peel the bark off of the wood used to make a reflector, but that seems to be too much work for me. I am not sure it makes that much difference, compared to the work required to peel the bark.
Also, if the weather is extremely cold, you can make two or three reflectors, at different angles around your fire and sit in the middle. These reflectors will greatly increase the heat generated by your campfire. The key here is to retain (reflect) what heat your fire is producing, not to make a bigger fire! Large fires will consume more fuel and in windy or snowy conditions that may make finding enough wood dangerous. You may also notice the reflectors assist in keeping the smoke out of your face and going upward.
Fires are often taken for granted. We don’t give a second thought to making a fire, piling the wood on, and then forgetting about them. But, in an emergency a properly planned fire is needed. When you only have a limited amount of matches or fuel to start your fire, you must plan ahead. Have all of your tender, kindling, and fuel ready before you attempt to start a fire. In a survival situation, you must do each task as few times as necessary to conserve energy and resources. Think before you act and this is especially important when you make a fire. Decide in advance what you will need to start the fire, the type of fire and the fuels you will use. Then, make your fire as if your life depends on it, because it may.
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